ASSESSING THE GOODNESS OF FIT OF STUDENTS= EDUCATIONAL GOALS
WITH THE BENEFITS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Richard B. Morris, Trent University

In this paper I refer to the claims that have been made about the potential benefits of endorsing an increased use of information technologies at the post-secondary level of education. I then go on to describe my efforts in offering a web-enhanced course in the hopes of encouraging students to take advantage of this new resource. I note that for many of my students my efforts are frustrated because they are reluctant to branch out, explore, and use this resource to their best advantage. I conclude with a brief argument for adopting a multi-disciplinary approach in psychology that may provide students with an incentive to broaden their horizons.

In my American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences presentation last year (Morris, 1998) I presented what I felt were the potential benefits of endorsing an increased use of information technologies at the post-secondary level of education. In the short span of a year much has happened to reinforce my initial enthusiasm for the use of the information highway for teaching. I suggest two images or metaphors that I like to share with my students that characterize the extent and potential offered by this resource.

Images or Metaphors

Some years ago Paul Kolers, a psychologist with research interests in perception, presented a paper at an annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association in which he illustrated the vast amount of information that can be transmitted and received in very short, visual images. As I recall, his presentation consisted of a rapid fire collage of very brief snapshots with the duration of each snapshot being less than a second or so and the entire presentation lasting not much longer than a minute. I cannot recall the context nor Koler=s complete message, however, I do remember the impact of this demonstration. For me this demonstration illustrates the vast amount of information that is potentially available via the web at the touch of a finger.

Imagine your desk or a library table with all the material spread out as reprints, journals, and books that is potentially available to you in a few minutes of opening, reading, saving, and closing of browser windows. Obviously, your desk top would be covered to overflowing.

These images indicate something about the vast amount of material available for instruction. However, questions remain concerning how to separate that which is useful and that which is not!

Last year I expressed my concerns about how we might tap these new technologies for educational reform. Unfortunately it remains unclear to me what progress is being made toward a real understanding of how to customize this resource to re-conceptualize instruction at the post-secondary level.

Finally, I noted that my students were very reluctant to use this available resource to their best advantage. In my educational setting it is very clear that there is a mismatch between students= short-term and long-term goals and what I, as an instructor, expect them to gain from my IT-enhanced or web-enhanced instruction.

There are two parts to my presentation. The first part pertains to observations of things as they are with respect to web-enhanced instruction from my current perspective in the form of a short narrative describing what I have tried in my classes to offer this instruction and how my efforts have been received. In the second part I make a claim concerning what should happen for instructors and students alike to take advantage of this resource that is now available and easily accessible.

How it is!

In his recent book Growing up digital: The rise of the net generation Don Tapscott contends that information age technology is changing the way youngsters are approaching education, politics, and life in general. Tapscott is an entrepreneur in the business of education and one of a number of proponents of the use of information technologies for teaching and learning. He predicted, along with many others, that this resource can drastically alter our present long established educational paradigms. In the chapter on N-Gen learning Don offered a new learning paradigm dubbed AInteractive Learning@ as he compares it with ABroadcast Learning,@ the established learning paradigm. This latter paradigm he refers to as traditional Adrill and spill,@ Adrill and kill,@ or Asage on stage@ methods of instruction. The new paradigm is characterized by such terms as hypermedia, construction or discovery, customized, learner-centered, facilitator, and learning how to learn (Tapscott, 1998, p. 143).

Much of what Tapscott talks about in his chapter on N-Gen learning links nicely to the relatively recent framework provided by research into self-regulated learning. Models of self-regulated learning (SRL) represent the convergence of a number of cognitive approaches to learning and motivation that place emphasis on self-direction, self-regulation, self-determination, and self-guidance. Several portraits have been suggested to characterize self-regulated learners. The key components seem to be: an awareness of cognitive and metacognitive skills, positive feelings of self-efficacy, and commitment to academic goals (Zimmerman, 1990). Philip Winne (1995) concisely characterizes self-regulated learners in the following quote:

Models of self-regulated learning (SRL) portray students as calling on a library of information and applying a suite of varied skills during studying activities in which achievements are forged . . .When they begin to study, self-regulating learners set goals for extending knowledge and sustaining motivation. They are aware of what they know, what they believe, and what the differences between these kinds of information imply for approaching tasks. They have a grasp of their motivation, are aware of their affect and plan how to manage the interplay between these as they engage with a task. They also deliberate about small-grain tactics and overall strategies, selecting some instead of others based on predictions about how each is able to support progress toward chosen goals (p. 173).

It would seem that Ateacher as coach or facilitator@ and the self-regulated learner should work nicely together. Together they should create a dynamic learning environment that fosters knowledge acquisition and understanding using whatever resources are available. Obviously, in the context of this paper, these resources include the Internet and the Web.

For the past two years I have opted to teach my courses without a standard textbook. Last year, for the first time, I did not require any text. This year I have adopted books that would be classed as Aprimary@ or Aoriginal@ sources. For example, in my educational psychology course I have assigned as one of the texts Howard Gardner=s (1991) The unschooled mind: How children think & how schools should each. Additional assigned readings come from government documents and journal articles. I am offering internet/web enhanced courses by providing lecture notes on line, links to assigned readings when possible, providing additional links that I think are excellent for additional reading, and encouraging link sharing and email correspondence. I have included an online lecture concerning aspects of use of the internet and the web and assigned a recent text by Bissell, Manring, and Rowland (1999) with the impressive title: CyberEducator: The internet and world wide web for K-12 education.

What I have found is that my students fall into two categories. Perhaps, not surprisingly, there are students who fit nicely into the category I call the self-regulated learner and students who suffer from what I have labeled as the AIs it on the test?@ syndrome. The self-regulated learners do tend to make use of all the resources available, i.e., the standard ones and the new electronic ones. The Ais it on the test?@ students are inclined to tap the standard resources and shy away from the new ones. They are very reluctant to experiment and seem to be somewhat overwhelmed with the wealth of information available. Sell (1997) warned his readers that they should be on the look out for such students. Sell explored several hidden assumptions that challenge the various claims made for using information age technologies to improve post-secondary education. A relevant hidden assumption here Ais that more information results in more learning.@ He argued that in many cases too much information all at once might result in less learning--the typical undergraduate can become paralyzed by overload. I must say that most of my students, even the self-regulators, are not inclined to explore and utilize this vast resource unless there is an incentive to do so as part of a performance evaluation scheme. And, so far, under these circumstances they appear to tap just what is required without branching out and exploring.

From my perspective we will be going through a tough transition period between now and when the expected, technologically sophisticated, educational enterprise as envisaged by Tapscott and others is with us in full force. However, real reform of post-secondary education cannot happen through mere introduction of new and more sophisticated technologies. There is a far more fundamental change that must take place. In psychology, particularly, an environment must be created to facilitate multi-disciplinary involvement. There must be more encouragement for students to discover what other disciplines have to offer that should lead to a deeper and more holistic understanding of human kind. Students will have to be given the opportunity to broaden their horizons in terms of different forms of literature. Presently our discipline is too restrictive and narrow in scope regarding what is acceptable as real and valid information. In psychology students are programmed to restrict their reading to certain acceptable genres and to shun anything that appears to be common-sense or folk psychology.

References

Bissell, J., Manring, A., & Rowland, V. (1999). CyberEducator: The internet and world wide web for K-12 education. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Gardner, H. (1991). The unschooled mind: How children think & how schools should teach. NY: Basic Books.

Morris, R.B. (1998). A glimpse at the possible real benefits of the university=s link to the information highway, American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Perspective Journal (Proceedings of the 1998 Las Vegas Conference), Volume 1: Number 1.

<http://ivory.trentu.ca/~rmorris/aabss_jan98.htm>

Sell, G.R. (1997). Using technology and distance education to improve postsecondary education. <http://www.uni.edu/teachctr/technol2.html>

Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: The rise of the net generation. NY: McGraw-Hill. <http://www.growingupdigital.com>

Winne, P.H. (1995). Inherent details in self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 30, 173-187.

Zimmerman, B.J. (1990). Self-regulating academic learning and achievement: The emergence of a social cognitive perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 2, 173-196.